2021年AP环境科学简答题真题+答案+PDF下载
1. A homeowner in the Northern Hemisphere is considering installing photovoltaic (PV) panels on the roof of the home to help provide electricity for the home. The homeowner has read conflicting reports on which compass direction the panels should face to maximize the amount of electricity (in kWh) that the panels can produce.
(a) The homeowner plans to design an experiment to determine the direction of the panels for maximal electricity production.
(i) Identify the independent variable in the experiment.
(ii) Identify the dependent variable in the experiment.
(iii) Identify a reasonable hypothesis for the experiment.
(iv) Describe one variable that was not discussed that could affect the results of the study
(b) The diagram below shows another way of generating electricity using a renewable resource. The arrows indicate the flow of water
(i) Identify the location shown in the diagram where the kinetic energy of the water is transformed into mechanical energy.
(ii) Explain why the water in the storage reservoir has potential energy that is useful in hydroelectric power generation.
(iii) Explain how coupling hydroelectric power with solar or wind power is an advantage to providing a constant source of electricity to a community.
(iv) Explain how a hydroelectric power system, like the one depicted, may be negatively affected by climate change.
(c) Over time, reservoirs that form behind dams can undergo changes.
(i) Identify one advantage, other than the generation of hydroelectric power, of the formation of a reservoir behind a hydroelectric dam.
(ii) Explain the effect of increased silt in the reservoir on the hydroelectric power system.
2. Pesticides have been utilized for many years to increase food production and control pest populations. Pesticide use can be both beneficial and harmful to humans and other organisms.
(a) Pesticide use has advantages, disadvantages, and unintended consequences on human health. Describe one benefit to human health that can result from the use of pesticides.
(b) Identify one way chemical pesticides can enter the human body.
Cotton farmers in the southern United States used a chemical pesticide to control an insect cotton-crop pest over a 40-year period. To study the effectiveness of the pesticide as an insect pest-control strategy, traps were placed in treated cotton fields and the number of pests captured were compared to application rates for the pesticide. The results of the study are shown in the table below.
(c) Use the data in the table to answer the following questions.
(i) Identify the year when the pesticide was most effective at reducing the size of the pest population.
(ii) Describe the change in the number of crop insect pests in the cotton fields over time.
(iii) Explain how the change in the cotton-crop pesticide effectiveness between the initial application in 1975 and the latest application in 2015 illustrates genetic resistance in pests, based on the data in the table.
(d) Describe TWO effects of pesticide use, other than death, on nontarget wildlife.
(e) There are many problems associated with the repeated application of chemical pesticides to reduce pest populations.
(i) Crop rotation is often used to reduce pesticide use. Describe the process of crop rotation.
(ii) Propose one reasonable method, other than crop rotation, of reducing the use of pesticides in agricultural practices while still maintaining a high crop yield.
(iii) Justify how the method proposed in (e)(ii) would provide a benefit to humans.
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