2014年AP生物简答题真题PDF下载
1. Trichomes are hairlike outgrowths of the epidermis of plants that are thought to provide protection against being eaten by herbivores (herbivory). In a certain plant species, stem trichome density is genetically determined.
To investigate variation in stem trichome density within the plant species, a student counted the number of trichomes on the stems of six plants in each of three different populations. The student used the data to calculate the mean trichome density (numbers of hairs per square centimeter) for each population. The results are provided in the table below.
(a) On the axes provided, create an appropriately labeled graph to illustrate the sample means of the three populations to within 95% confidence (i.e., sample mean ± 2 SEM).
(b) Based on the sample means and standard errors of the means, identify the two populations that are most likely to have statistically significant differences in the mean stem trichome densities. Justify your response.
(c) Describe the independent and dependent variables and a control treatment for an experiment to test the hypothesis that higher trichome density in plants is selected for in the presence of herbivores. Identify an appropriate duration of the experiment to ensure that natural selection is measured, and predict the experimental results that would support the hypothesis.
(a) Using the data in the table, construct a cladogram on the template provided to indicate the most likely evolutionary relationships among the different mammals. Indicate on the cladogram where each of the characters most likely arose in the evolutionary process, and justify the placement of the characters on the cladogram.
(b) Describe FOUR steps in the activation of the mother’s specific immune response following exposure to a bacterial pathogen. Predict how the mother’s immune response would differ upon a second exposure to the same bacterial pathogen a year later.
(c) Predict the most likely consequence for a nursing infant who is exposed to an intestinal bacterial pathogen (e.g., Salmonella) to which the mother was exposed three months earlier. Justify your prediction.
3. As part of a new suburban development, a sports complex consisting of athletic fields and buildings is constructed in a formerly wooded area.
(a) Predict ONE ecological consequence on the local plant community that is likely to result during the site preparation and construction of the sports complex. Justify your prediction.
(b) To maintain the playing fields, large quantities of water and chemicals are applied regularly to the grasscovered areas. Predict ONE effect on the local animal community that might result from regular use and maintenance of the playing fields. Justify your prediction.
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